Apush Notes: Conquering a Continent 1861-1877 Essay

* Essential Question What factors helped call down the integration of the national economy after the cultivated War? fraction 1 The Republican Vision* Integrating the National Economy* Reshaping the source Confederacy after the Civil War supplemented a Republican submit to strengthen the national economy to sweep everyplace limitations of market variations that took place under previous Democratic commands. * Failure to fund internal improvements left contrasting regions of the country disconnected, producing the Civil War, Republicans argued. * During the Civil War and after, the Republican-dominated sexual congress do firm use of national power, passing protective tariffs that gave U.S. manufacturers a competitive expediency against foreign firms. * Republican administrations would strengthen the economy through and through a coarse public-private partnership that modern historians argue represents a turn away from a laissez-faire or hands off approach of previous admi nistrations towards the economy. * rail line developments in the United States began well before the Civil War however peaked after the Civil War. By 1900, virtually no recess of the country lacked rail service. * Railroads transformed American capitalism by adopting a legal form of organization, the corporation, enabling them to raise private capital in large amounts. * Along with the transformative power of railroads, Republicans protective tariffs a kindred helped build roaring U.S. industries. A Civil War debt of $2.8 billion was erased during the mid-eighties by a $2.1-billion-dollar income from tariffs.* Fierce tariff debates marked American politics in the 1880s and 1890s. Democrats argued that the tariff had not s junior-gradeed poverty in the United States. * Protective tariffs had also helped to foster the addition of trusts, giant corporations that dominated whole sectors of the economy and wielded monopoly power. * The surface of railroads and trusts prompted a p ushback by companies against sweet state and federal regulatory laws. In Munn v. Illinois (1877), the U.S. Supreme Court govern that states possessed the right to regulate businesses, simply not at the expense of fragmenting the national marketplace. * In the S push throughhwest, federal courts promoted sparing development at the expense of racial howeverice. Although the United States had taken view of New Mexico and Arizona after the U.S. Mexican War of 1848, much of the repose still remained in Mexican American hands by the 1870s.* As the postCivil War years brought railroads and Anglo-American settlers, Mexican Americans lost 64 percent of their worldly concerns through special courts that ruled on prop titles. * The Santa Fe Ring was a notorious group of politicians and lawyers who conspired to defraud Mexican Americans of their lands. * afterwards the Civil War, U.S. and European policymakers attempted to transform their economies to the princely standard. solely ba sing gold supplies on gold was a divisive issue that frame in U.S. politics for a generation.* In 1873, Congress directed the U.S. Treasury, over a six-year period, to retract the greenback paper dollars issued during the Civil War and replace them with notes from an expanded ashes of national banks. After 1879, the Treasury exchanged notes for gold upon request. * Silver adherents accredited a modest victory when Congress passed the Bland-Allison Act of 1878, requiring the United States to light upon a modest amount of silver. * Republican nationalist policies fostered rapid economic growth in the form of an expansion of telecommunications, corporations, and capital, making the United States a mighty industrial power by 1900.* The New Union and the population* Following the Civil War, the United States achieved greater leverage with foreign nations deal Britain. American expansionists expected to add more territories to the nation. The use of the Hawaiian Islands and the d esign of steam transportation facilitated expansion off the continent to places like lacquer in the 1850s. * Union victory also increased trade with Latin America. Mexico freed itself from French rule in 1867, but risked economic manipulation by its larger northern neighbor, the United States. * International trade became a naked model for asserting power in Latin America and Asia. infra the leadership of Secretary of State William Steward (18611869), the United States embraced China and Japan, forcing the Japanese to remain open to trade.* Seward also advocated the purchase of strategic locations for naval bases and refueling stations, much(prenominal) as land in Nicaragua for a canal, Hawaii, and the Philippines. * In 1868, Seward achieved a significant victory with congressional approval of the Burlingame Treaty with China, regulating immigration. The same year, Seward also purchased Alaska from Russia, further establishing the United States as a globular power. compendium* Essential Question What factors pull homesteaders to the big Plains, and what role did they play in the Republicans vision for the post-Civil War nation?Section 2 Incorporating the West* Cattlemen and Miners* triumph and development of the American West became the domestic foundation for national triumph in the late 1800s. Farm development was as vital as factory development to Republican policymakers. * Republicans sought to bring families to the West by offering 160 acres of land through the Homestead Act. * advanced(a) federal policies, such as the U.S. Geological Survey, helped in 1879 to open up western lands managed under a recent Department of the Interior. * Federal policies helped to constitute the trans-Mississippi West. As railroads crossed the country, thousands of homesteaders filed land claims. * To make room for cattle, professional cow hunters eliminated the buffalo.* Texas ranchers inaugurated the famous pertinacious Drive, hiring cowboys to herd cattle hu ndreds of miles north to the railroads that pushed west crossways Kansas. * As soon as railroads reached the Texas range country during the 1870s, ranchers abandoned the Long Drive. Stockyards appeared beside railroad tracks in large Midwestern cities like Chicago. These places became the center of a new industry, meatpacking. * Sheep raising also became a major enterprise in the high country of the Rockies and the Sierras. * In the late 1850s as California gold panned out, other mineral discoveries helped to develop the Far West in places like Nevada, the Colorado Rockies, South Dakotas scorch Hills, and Idaho. The Comstock Lode in Nevada was a major silver discovery.* At about sites, miners found copper, lead, and zinc that easterly industries demanded. The insatiable material demands of mining triggered economic growth at umpteen far-flung sites, such as Pueblo, Colorado, which smelted ore. * Remote areas turned into a closed chain scene of prospectors, traders, gamblers, pr ostitutes, and saloonkeepers prospectors made their own mining codes and often used them to omit or discriminate against Mexicans, Chinese, and blacks. * California created a market for Oregons produce and timber.* Homesteaders* Upon fore roughly encountering the Great Plains, Euro-Americans thought the land barren, and referred to it as the Great American Desert. * Railroads, land speculators, steamship lines, and the western states and territories did all they could to encourage result of the Great Plains. * New technologysteel plows, barbed wire, and strains of hard-kernel wheathelped settlers to overcome obstacles. * Between 1878 and 1886, settlers experienced exceptionally wet weather, but then the modify weather typical of the Great Plains returned, and settlers fled recently settled land.* American febricity took hold in northern Europe as Norwegians and Swedes came to the United States. * For some southern blacks known as Exodusters, Kansas was the Promised Land by 1880 , 40,000 blacks lived in Kansasthe largest niggardliness of blacks in the West aside from Texas. * By the turn of the century, the Great Plains had amply submitted to agricultural development. In this process, there was little of the pioneering that Americans associated with the westward movement kitchen-gardening required capital investment and the willingness to risk boom and bust cycles just like any other business. * Although miners, lumber workers, and cowboys were overwhelmingly men, many women come with families as homesteaders. * The Republican ideal of national economic development through farm building supported the cultural value of domesticity. Spread widely before and after the Civil War, domesticity held that it was a mans awe to his wife and children that caused him to work hard and be thrifty and responsible.* Domesticity produced a policy-making clash with the Mormon Church, whose adherents practiced polygamy. Along with voting rights, this issue framed gend er political controversies during Reconstruction. * Womens rights expanded when Wyoming granted women the right to voting in 1869. Towns in Kansas in the 1880s elected women as mayors and as city professionals. Women were increasingly leaving the home to work. * Yet the majority of arcadian women lived under harsh frontier conditions. Rolvaags contemporary work, Giants in the humanity portrayed the fear and isolation of Norwegian immigrant women on the Dakota vast prairie.* Debt and thirst* Farm prices dropped in the late 1800s as technological innovation and global expansion glutted markets for wheat, cotton, and corn. * Farmers also faced the problem of being mild producers in a marketplace that rewarded economies of scale, giving large corporations the advantage of undercutting farmers. In the 1880s, farmers would launch one of the approximately powerful protest movements in the tale of American politics. * A hostile environment existed on the Great Plains in the form of g rasshoppers, prairie fires, hailstorms, droughts, tornadoes, blizzards, the lack of water, and minimal wood supplies. Many families built homes made of sod. * By the late 1880s, over 50,000 homesteaders had fled the Dakotas and many others gave up their settled lands. alter farming techniques helped to alleviate some of the challenges of Great Plains farming. But it favored the growth of large corporations. Family farms required over 300 acres to survive low prices and harsh weather conditions.* By 1900, about half of the nations cattle and sheep, one-third of its cereal crops, and nearly three-fifths of its wheat came from the Great Plains. But environmental costs multiplied as wasteful anti-biodiversity agricultural practices continued. * hike from experts like John Wesley Powell, a geologist who explored the West, to infuse federal funding into western development ignited a debate over corporate versus gnomish family farms. * Rampant overdevelopment led to a preservation movem ent by Congress. In 1864, Congress gave 10 square miles of the Yosemite Valley to California for public use. In 1872, Congress set aside 2 million acres of Wyomings Yellowstone Valley as a public park for tourism, a new western industry on the rise.* Indian eviction accompanied land preservation. In 1877, the Nez Perce under Chief Joseph and the Bannock tribe of Indians utilized Yellowstone for survival as they fled forced reservation life by the federal military. * The military refractory that killing buffalo would help reduce resistance of the Great Plains tribes. They had sign treaties in 1867 and 1868 to ceded vast tracts of land and remain on reservations. Whites now precious Indians to cede more lands.Summary* Essential Question How did the federal establishments relationship with Native Americans change in the decades following the Civil War? How did they stay the same? Section 3 A glean of Blood Native Peoples Dispossessed * The Civil War and Indians on the Plains* befo rehand the Civil War, Congress gave the Great Plains to Native Americans because they thought it could not be farmed. But railroads, steel plows, and the desire for land reversed that decision. * The Sioux and other tribes fought against federal government attempts to place them on reservations. In 1862 in Minnesota, the Sioux responded by massacring tweed settlers. President Lincoln hanged the leaders and exiled the counterpoise from the state. * The Dakota Sioux uprising escalated tensions elsewhere amongst whites and Indians. In 1864, Col. Chivington led his troops to commit the Sand Creek butchering of Cheyenne in eastern Colorado. * The Sioux and Arapaho responded with more attacks. In December of 1866, the Sioux wiped out eighty men under Captain Fetterman and successfully closed the Bozeman Trail. * By 1869, public opinion had turned against warfare as an effective way to subdue Indian tribes. Congressional leaders searched for other options to deal with the Indian probl em.* dish outs Peace Policy* Christian reformers heavily influenced the Grant administrations peace policy. Reformers argued that Indians could be transformed into whites through teaching method and religious indoctrination, particularly of Indian youth in boarding schools. The first boarding school opened at Carlisle in 1879. * Corruption, racism, and denominational in-fighting cut the effectiveness of the boarding school campaign. To Indian leaders, reformers became just another bet group. * Indian tribes were forced by political circumstances to accommodate. In 1871, Congress abolished further treaty-making with Indian tribes. * The Supreme Court further eroded tribal power in Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock (1903), stating that Congress could make any policies it chose and could ignore existing treaties.* In Ex Parte Crow Dog, the Court ruled that Indians were not citizens unless approved by Congress. Indians would remain wards of the government until the 1930s. * Another assimilati on measure attempted to free Indians from their tribal past, this time through land taking. The Dawes Severalty Act of 1887 held that all Indians would receive allotments of reservation land and the remainder would be sold to non-Indians. * The Bureau of Indian Affairs carelessness, corruption, and greed fate the act. Fifteen million surplus acres alone were taken from tribes in Indian Territory by 1894, facilitating the birth of the state of Oklahoma. * Before Dawes, Indians had held over 155 million acres of land by 1900, this had dropped to 77 million. By 1934, indispensable peoples had lost 66 percent of their allotted lands.* The End of build up Resistance* By 1873, only Sitting Bull, the great Lakota Sioux leader, openly refused to go to a reservation. * A crisis came on the northern plains in 1876 when the Sioux refused to sell the Black Hills as demanded by the federal government. * On June 25, 1876, George A. Custer pursued a rash strategy and suffered annihilation by Ch ief Crazy Horses Sioux and Cheyenne warriors at the Little Big Horn. This was the last victory of the Plains Indians against the U.S. Army. * The Apache despised their reservation, so they made life miserable for white settlers in the southwestern United States until their chief Geronimo was finally captured in 1886. The United States had completed its military subjugation of the West.* Strategies of Survival* Despite living on reservations and halting armed resistance, most native people continued to practice traditional languages, ceremonies, and arts. * most native people also selectively adopted white ways such as use of the English language and skills such as agriculture. Most native people blended old and new ways. * One of the most famous native people who assimilated during this era was Dr. Charles Eastman, a Dakota Sioux boy practised in white schools to become a medical doctor.* The Ghost spring movement symbolized the syncretism, or blending together, of white and Ind ian ways. The dance drew on Christian and native elements, spreading from reservation to reservation across the West and alarmed many local whites. On December 29, 1890, at Wounded Knee Creek in South Dakota, U.S. Army soldiers massacred cl Lakota Sioux people. The soldiers feared that the Ghost Dance would provoke war uniting Indian communities. * By 1890, the United States included forty states, an industrial economy that rivaled Britain and Germany, steady immigration, and inklings of adequate a major player in foreign places. A new American empire was forming abroad.